A simple pill that promises to extend your lifespan and reduce signs of aging sounds like a futuristic fantasy. But, scientists are investigating some promising candidates that could make it a reality. From drugs originally designed to treat diabetes to supplements boosting cellular health, the race is on to find “anti-aging” pills. But how close are we? Here’s what experts have to say.
Featured Experts
- Dr. Karan Lal is a board-certified dermatologist in Phoenix
- Dr. Doris Day is a board-certified dermatologist in New York
- Dr. Molly McBride is a board-certified OBGYN in New York
- Dr. Tara Scott is a board-certified OBGYN and Versalie menopause expert in Akron, OH
- Mona Rosene, MS, RD is the global director of Scientific Affairs at ChromaDex
Metformin
Metformin and rapamycin are two front-runners for an anti-aging pill, each working on different pathways within our cells. Originally developed for diabetes management, metformin has shown promise in longevity research. “Metformin acts upon multiple pathways involved in aging,” explains Phoenix, AZ dermatologist Dr. Karan Lal. “It increases DNA repair, reduces inflammation and enhances cellular interaction, all factors that support longer, healthier lives.” Animal studies have linked metformin to increased lifespan in mice and roundworms, which raises hopes for human applications.
Rapamycin
Rapamycin, meanwhile, takes a different approach by inhibiting the mTOR pathway, which regulates cell growth and metabolism. “Rapamycin targets mTOR, helping to reduce ‘zombie cells’ that cause inflammation and contribute to age-related diseases like arthritis and cancer,” explains New York dermatologist Doris Day, MD. She says she saw her immune age improve while using the drug. She adds, “The combination of rapamycin with acarbose may be even more effective than metformin alone, with studies suggesting improved health outcomes.”
While both drugs show potential, the real challenge is neither is FDA-approved for anti-aging. Without FDA approval, the dosage and long-term effects are unknown.
Do anti-aging pills actually work?
The answer largely depends on the pill. Many of these medications and supplements are not FDA-cleared for anti-aging, making clinical studies difficult to fund and conduct. “Because metformin is generic and inexpensive, no pharmaceutical company has any incentive to do a large-scale longevity study,” Dr. Day points out. Such studies require extensive time and funding, especially for an outcome as ambitious as an extended lifespan.
Dr. Lal, who says he takes metformin periodically, notes that while the research is promising, we don’t yet have enough data on what doses would benefit generally healthy individuals without diabetes. “We know metformin can prolong survival in patients with diabetes, but translating those results to otherwise healthy people needs more study,” he says.
NAD+ Supplements
While we don’t have a true anti-aging pill, supplements that support cellular health, like NAD+, are gaining popularity for potentially delaying age-related decline. NAD+ is crucial for energy production and cellular repair, yet levels of this molecule decrease significantly with age. Mona Rosene, MS, RD of ChromaDex explains, “NAD+ supports cellular function, enhancing energy levels and slowing aging at the cellular level.” Unlike antioxidants that target surface aging, NAD+ works from within to support everything from brain health to muscle recovery.
According to Rosene, ChromaDex’s Tru Niagen ($85), boosts NAD+ levels by up to 50 percent. “Tru Niagen is backed by 30 human clinical studies and over 300 published scientific studies,” she shares. Rosene also adds that elevating NAD+ may help manage inflammation and improve mitochondrial health, two critical factors for healthy aging. “Research shows that a decline in NAD+ is linked to the development of metabolic dysfunction and age-related conditions. Restoring NAD+ levels with supplementation is an important part of a healthy lifestyle.”
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Another solution that’s generating interest is hormone replacement therapy (HRT), especially for women experiencing menopause. “Estrogen plays a key role in skin physiology by promoting collagen production, skin thickness, hydration and elasticity,” explains New York OBGYN Molly McBride, MD. “Estrogen replacement therapy has been shown to upregulate longevity-related genes and improve cardiovascular health, bone density and even reduce dementia risk.”
“In addition to relieving menopausal symptoms, hormone replacement therapy can provide anti-aging benefits for some, including improved memory and cognitive abilities, increased bone density, healthier and more hydrated skin, regulated daily mood and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and some cancers,” adds Akron, OH OBGYN Tara Scott, MD of Versalie, a menopause support site. “However, there can be risks associated with HRT, so it’s important to talk with a healthcare professional on the best options for you,” she says.
“Patients with a history of breast cancer, pulmonary embolism or heart attack should avoid HRT,” warns Dr. McBride. However, recent research has debunked old myths about HRT and breast cancer, making it a viable option for many. “We have come a long way with HRT. The WHI study from years ago has largely been discredited. Estrogen therapy does not cause breast cancer. The benefits of improving your skin as well as decreasing bone loss, cardiovascular disease and dementia far outweigh any possible risks. You need to discuss HRT with your physician to see if you are a candidate.”
While official anti-aging pills aren’t here yet, emerging options like these bring us closer to that reality. With ongoing research and increasing interest, we may one day find that age truly is just a number.
